| Abstract | |
| Survey Number | 0604 |
| Survey Title | Asia/Europe Survey (ASES), 2000 |
| Depositor | Takashi Inoguchi |
| Restriction of Use |
For detailed information, please refer to 'For Data Users' on the SSJDA website.
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| Educational Purpose | Available for both research and instructional purposes. |
| Period of Data Use Permission | One year |
| Access to Datasets | Download |
| SSJDA Data Analysis | Not available |
| Summary |
The Asia-Europe Survey (ASES) is a public opinion poll that was conducted in 18 Asian and European countries in fall 2000 as the “Theoretical and empirical study of democratic dysfunction,” supported by 1999–2002 Grants-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (principal investigator：Takashi Inoguchi [Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, The University of Tokyo (at time of survey)], sub-investigator：Ikuo Kabashima, research collaborator：Jean Blondell, Ian Marsh, Richard Sinnott). It has been a long time since democratic dysfunction was pointed out. The common understanding has generally been that democracy is not necessarily the ideal form of government but that it is the best of all the forms of government available, and studies have been actively pursued worldwide as to how democratic governments function. In terms of common problems found in these studies, first, they tend to be strongly focused on a single country and weak in drawing comparisons with forms of government greatly different in history and culture. Second, although there are many comparative studies, most of the comparisons are of advanced democracies. The previous status quo in which democracy was centered on advanced nations is facing serious problems when more than half of democracies are found in developing countries today. The purpose of this study is to determine how democratic dysfunction is recognized in the Asia-Pacific region (a total of 9 countries: Japan, South Korea, China, and 6 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN]) and 18 Eurasian continental countries in Western Europe (9 European Union [EU] countries); in other words, inquire how democracy’s legitimacy and efficiency are recognized in a way that can be internationally compared and analyzed and present answers that can be supported by empirical data. This study is intended to go beyond those focused on a single nation or only advanced nations and make direct international comparisons, including not only advanced and developing democratic systems but also the systems by which democratization occurs. Similarly, another purpose of this study is to fully address democratic dysfunction as one of the most important problems today and take a lead in international academic research. Overall, the plan is to aggressively take the intellectual, organizational, and financial initiative and make a strong impression overseas. Conceptually, this study was constructed along two key propositions. ⅠWhether or not democracy functions well depends on how citizens are connected to larger society. Ⅱ Whether or not democracy functioning depends upon globalization is ultimately undermining domestic democratic systems. More specifically, the following format was established, and a standard questionnaire in English was created and then translated into the languages of each surveyed country. Ⅰ-1 Identification with larger social entities such as nations Ⅰ-2 Extent of trust in social systems such as national assemblies, courts, political parties, and mass media Ⅰ-3 Satisfaction with daily life and society Ⅱ-1 Impact of globalization felt in daily life Ⅱ-2 Impact of globalization felt by society overall Ⅱ-3 Impact of globalization felt by democracy |
| Data Type | quantitative research: micro data |
| Universe | Men and women aged 18 to 79 years in each surveyed country |
| Unit of Observation | Individual |
| Sample Size | Sample size from each surveyed country: 800 people |
| Date of Collection |
2000-10 ~ 2000-12 Japan - October 2000 South Korea - October 2000 China - October 2000 Taiwan - October to November 2000 Singapore - October to November 2000 Malaysia - November to December 2000 Indonesia - October to November 2000 Thailand - October 2000 Philippines - October 2000 United Kingdom - October 2000 Ireland - October 2000 France - October to November 2000 Germany - October to November 2000 Sweden - October to November 2000 Italy - October 2000 Spain - October 2000 Portugal - October to November 2000 Greece - October to November 2000 |
| Time Period |
2000 ~ 2000 |
| Spatial Unit |
Japan
Korea, Republic of
China
Taiwan, Province of China
Singapore
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Philippines
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Ireland
France
Germany
Sweden
Italy
Spain
Portugal
Greece
Japan - Nationwide South Korea - Nationwide China - Eight cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Xi’an, Nanjing, Dalian, Qingdao) Taiwan - Nationwide Singapore - Nationwide Malaysia - Peninsular only Indonesia - Java island only Thailand - Nationwide Philippines - Nationwide (excluding Mindanao island) United Kingdom - Nationwide (excluding Northern Ireland) Ireland - Nationwide France - Nationwide Germany - Nationwide Sweden - Nationwide Italy - Nationwide Spain - Nationwide Portugal - Nationwide Greece - Nationwide |
| Sampling Procedure |
Probability: Stratified
Probability: Stratified: Proportional
Probability: Cluster
Probability: Multistage
Non-probability: Quota
Japan - Multistage random cluster sampling South Korea - Multistage random sampling China - Probability proportionate sampling Taiwan - Based on urban village (“li”) administrative units. First, urban villages were randomly selected. Then, interviewers were selected five at a time per each urban village. Contact is made at least three times. Singapore - Divided into public housing complexes and homeowners with private land. Interviewees were selected by a Kish Grid randomized method. Malaysia - Multistage probability sampling Indonesia - Random (By Kish Grid) Thailand - Multistage random cluster Philippines - Random multistage probability proportionate sampling United Kingdom - Quotas based on region/age/socioeconomic status Ireland - Multistage probability sampling France - Multistage probability sampling Germany - Multistage probability sampling Sweden - Multistage probability sampling Italy - Proportional stratified sampling Spain - Multistage stratified random sampling Portugal - Quotas based on gender/age/socioeconomic status Greece - Quotas based on administrative region and urbanization. In each region, every three buildings per urban district, every two buildings per intermediate district, and every household in rural areas were visited. Each household was surveyed according to gender and age. |
| Mode of Data Collection |
Face-to-face interview
Interviews by survey staff in each surveyed country Questionnaires were prepared with the cooperation of researchers in Asia and Europe, and the standard questionnaire prepared in English was translated by survey companies in each country into local languages and then back-translated to prepared questionnaires for actual use. The languages used were as follows. Japan - Japanese South Korea - Korean China - Beijing dialect Mandarin Chinese Taiwan - Taiwanese Hokkien Chinese Singapore - Malay, Chinese, English Malaysia - Malay, Chinese, English Indonesia - Indonesian Thailand - Thai Philippines - Tagalog, Ilocano, Visayan United Kingdom - English Ireland - English France - French Germany - German Sweden - Swedish Italy - Italian Spain - Spanish Portugal - Portuguese Greece - Greek |
| Investigator |
Principal investigator：Takashi Inoguchi (Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, The University of Tokyo) The field survey was conducted by the Gallup International network, coordinated by the Nippon Research Center. Details are as follows. Japan - Nippon Research Center South Korea - Gallup Korea China - Institute of Journalism and Communication, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Taiwan – Public Opinion Poll Taiwan Singapore - Taylor Nelson Sofres Malaysia - Taylor Nelson Sofres Indonesia - Taylor Nelson Sofres Thailand - CSN Research Group Philippines - Asia Research Organization United Kingdom - Research International Ireland - Irish Marketing Surveys France - Taylor Nelson Sofres Germany - Emnid Institut Sweden - Shifo Italy - Doxa Spain - Quota Union Portugal - Sigma Dos Greece - Research International |
| DOI | 10.34500/SSJDA.0604 |
| Sponsors (Funds) | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research |
| Related Publications (by the Investigator) | Please refer to the abstract in Japanese. |
| Related Publications (based on Secondary Analysis) | List of related publications (based on Secondary Analysis) |
| Documentation | [Japanese Language Questionnaire][ASES_Questionnaire] |
| Major Survey Items |
(1) Identity What respondent considers their nationality, nationality, importance to respondent of his or her nationality/any changes in past 10 years, whether respondent believes Japan/Japanese people are respected by foreigners/any changes in past 10 years, whether Japan/Japanese people are treated fairly in international politics/economics/any changes in past 10 years, group identification other than nationality, supranational identification/importance thereof/any changes in past 10 years, what is important to be Japanese (citizenship, Japanese language, feeling Japanese, being born Japanese), pride of being from respondent’s country, degree of pride in Japan (democratic systems, political influence in the world, social welfare, economic performance, military) (2) Trust Trust in Japanese government/institutions (Diet, political parties, government, legal system and courts, political leaders, police, government and municipal offices/public offices, Self-Defense Forces, major corporations, mass media), trust in world organizations/institutions (major foreign corporations, the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the World Bank, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Japan/South Korea/China), name of current Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, current five members of the UN Security Council (3) Thoughts on society Thoughts on society and government/elections (8 items), worries about life/Japan/the world (work, health, family life, community, Japan, world affairs), changes in Japan’s situation over the past 10 years, changes in global affairs over the past 10 years, worries about Japan/assessment of response of Japanese government (economy, political corruption, human rights issues, unemployment problems, crime, quality of administrative services, immigration, ethnic conflict, religious conflict, environmental problems), whether Japan’s problems are from domestic or global causes (economic problems, unemployment problems, environmental problems), thoughts on state of Japanese society (6 items) (4) Influence of globalization Influence of globalization on daily life (8 items), whether globalization is actually “Americanization,” changes over the past five years in the importance of problems facing Japan and the world (human rights issues, environmental problems, women’s rights issues, unemployment problems, developing country problems, refugee and immigrant problems, risk of war with other Asian countries, risk of war in non-Asian countries), solutions to problems facing Japan and the world/whether it should be done bilaterally or multilaterally, information on foreign countries and interaction with foreigners (9 items), thoughts on the state of society (7 items) (competition, social welfare, Japanese government, management of the country, economic problems and government intervention, etc.). (5) Thoughts/behavior regarding politics/elections Degree of influence of organizations and institutions on daily life (Japanese government, ASEAN and Japan/South Korea/China/UN/multinational corporations), degree of interest in politics, political viewpoints (conservative/progressive), importance of conservative/progressive political thinking, degree of experience in political activity (11 items), voting behavior in Diet elections, voting behavior in local elections, political parties with which respondent feels sense of affinity, political party voted for in most recent Diet election, overall degree of satisfaction with Japanese politics, general thoughts (7 items) (income equality, economic growth and environmental protection, role of women, individual assertions and social cooperation, opinions of experienced older people, social benefits and family, society and self) (6) Attributes, etc. Media used to obtain information on politics, overall degree of satisfaction with current life, level of English ability, frequency of going to church/paying homage to temples, religion, gender, age, household family members, highest level of educational attainment, number of years of formal education, employment status, occupation, whether government and municipal offices, public offices or private corporation, whether or not belonging to labor union, presence of unemployment experience in the past 10 years, household standard of living, annual household income, race/ethnicity (7) Japanese political parties Political party voted for in a recent single-member district election, political party voted for in a recent proportional representation election, type of administration desired, etc. |
| Date of Release | 2008/11/19 |
| Topics in CESSDA |
Click here for details Political behaviour and attitudes Political ideology Cultural and national identity Social conditions and indicators |
| Topics in SSJDA | International Comparison/Diplomacy Politics/Administration/Election Society/Culture |
| Version | 1 ： 2008-11-19 |
| Notes for Users |